ABSTRACT As pregnant women are susceptible to changes in iodine, which can cause miscarriage, goiter, thyroid nodules, hypothyroidism, in addition to fetal neurological impairment or development. The aim of this study was to verify the implications of the iodine alteration in each gestational trimester and its consequences of physiological justification. The review was based on PRISMA. Searching for articles that took place in March 2020 without delimiting data. As bases consulted were the Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Medline (PubMed). The descriptors were combined as follows: "pregnancy" AND "iodine deficiency". Articles that addressed iodine deficiency and its implications were included. The selection followed the steps of reading the titles, abstracts and full articles. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, the STROBE Instruction instrument was used. The research resulted in 1,266 studies and 11 were included. In assessing methodological quality, the lowest score was and the maximum 20. According to studies, the fourth most affected by iodine loss are the second and third, it is possible to increase the volume and pneumatic nodules, subclinical hypothyroidism, pre-eclampsia, among others. The damages caused by iodine deficiency in the first or second trimester are still reversible, therefore, they need to be diagnosed early, to guarantee an iodic homeostasis and prevent damage to the health of the mother-child binomial.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar sistematicamente os indicadores utilizados na avaliação da insegurança alimentar e nutricional e os fatores associados, em estudos brasileiros. Após seleção nas bases de dados e busca reversa, utilizando os termos de busca, incluiu-se 89 artigos. A maioria destes avaliou a insegurança segundo indicador de percepção, utilizando Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (83,1%), Escala Americana (5,62%) e perguntas isoladas (2,25%). Os demais avaliaram pela presença de desnutrição em crianças (1,12%), gastos com alimentação (1,12%), consumo alimentar de adulto equivalente (1,12%), protocolos (2,25%) e modelos de predição (2,25%). A insegurança alimentar e nutricional, mensurada pelos distintos indicadores, associou-se a fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos, condições de saúde e estilo de vida, consumo alimentar e estado nutricional, tendo como unidade amostral famílias, grupos etários específicos, beneficiários de programas governamentais, entre outros. A maioria dos estudos avaliou apenas a dimensão alimentar da insegurança, reforçando a dificuldade de avaliação desta complexa situação.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to systematically investigate the indicators used in the evaluation of food and nutritional insecurity and associated factors in Brazilian studies. After selection in the databases using search terms and reverse search, 89 articles were included. The majority of the articles evaluated food and nutritional insecurity according to the indicator of perception, using the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (83.1%), the American Scale (5.62%) and isolated questions (2.25%). The other articles evaluated the presence of malnutrition among children (1.12%), expenditure on food (1.12%), adult-equivalent dietary intake (1.12%), protocols (2.25%), and prediction models (2.25%). Food and nutritional insecurity (measured by the different indicators) was associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors, health and lifestyle conditions, food consumption and nutritional status, based on families, specific age groups, beneficiaries of government programs, among others, as sample units. The majority of the studies merely evaluated the food dimension of the insecurity, thereby increasing the difficulty in evaluating this complex situation.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar sistematicamente os indicadores utilizados na avaliação da insegurança alimentar e nutricional e os fatores associados, em estudos brasileiros. Após seleção nas bases de dados e busca reversa, utilizando os termos de busca, incluiu-se 89 artigos. A maioria destes avaliou a insegurança segundo indicador de percepção, utilizando Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (83,1%), Escala Americana (5,62%) e perguntas isoladas (2,25%). Os demais avaliaram pela presença de desnutrição em crianças (1,12%), gastos com alimentação (1,12%), consumo alimentar de adulto equivalente (1,12%), protocolos (2,25%) e modelos de predição (2,25%). A insegurança alimentar e nutricional, mensurada pelos distintos indicadores, associou-se a fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos, condições de saúde e estilo de vida, consumo alimentar e estado nutricional, tendo como unidade amostral famílias, grupos etários específicos, beneficiários de programas governamentais, entre outros. A maioria dos estudos avaliou apenas a dimensão alimentar da insegurança, reforçando a dificuldade de avaliação desta complexa situação.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to systematically investigate the indicators used in the evaluation of food and nutritional insecurity and associated factors in Brazilian studies. After selection in the databases using search terms and reverse search, 89 articles were included. The majority of the articles evaluated food and nutritional insecurity according to the indicator of perception, using the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (83.1%), the American Scale (5.62%) and isolated questions (2.25%). The other articles evaluated the presence of malnutrition among children (1.12%), expenditure on food (1.12%), adult-equivalent dietary intake (1.12%), protocols (2.25%), and prediction models (2.25%). Food and nutritional insecurity (measured by the different indicators) was associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors, health and lifestyle conditions, food consumption and nutritional status, based on families, specific age groups, beneficiaries of government programs, among others, as sample units. The majority of the studies merely evaluated the food dimension of the insecurity, thereby increasing the difficulty in evaluating this complex situation.

Abstract Objective: to identify cytokines and to associate them with several indexes of total and central adiposity in young female undergraduate students. Methods: 58 young female sophomore students, aged 18 to 25 years, from a Brazilian public university were evaluated. Both anthropometric measures (weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference) and body composition were assessed through DXA, and the values of android, gynoid and truncal fat mass were obtained. Cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α) were analyzed, and Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Conicity Index (CCI), Waist-Hip Index (WHR), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Fat Mass Distribution Index 1 (FMI1) and Fat Mass Distribution Index 2 (FMI2) were calculated. Eventually, a linear regression was carried out to determine the regression coefficient and confidence interval (CI), having the predictor variables (cytokines) adjusted according to age and family history of obesity. The statistical significance of α = 5 % was applied. Results: a correlation between adiposity indexes and cytokines (CCI, WHR and IL-12; CCI, WHR, FMI1, FMI2and TNF-α) was identified. When it comes to the regression models, cytokines increase was related to CCI, WHR, FMI1 and FMI2 increase. Conclusion: pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with an increase in adipose indexes. Therefore, these indexes became a feasible strategy for clinical practice in order to identify propensity to inflammatory disorders.

Resumen Objetivo: identificar citoquinas y asociarlas con los distintos índices de adiposidad total y central en estudiantes universitarias jóvenes. Métodos: se evaluaron 58 jóvenes estudiantes, de 18 a 25 años de edad, de segundo curso de carrera de una universidad pública brasileña. Se analizaron mediante densitometría (DEXA) tanto las medidas antropométricas (peso, talla, perímetro de la cintura y perímetro de la cadera) como la composición corporal, obteniéndose los valores de masa grasa androide, ginoide y troncal. Se analizaron las citoquinas (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 y TNF-α) y se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal (IAC), el índice de adiposidad visceral (IAV), el índice de conicidad (CCI), el índice cintura-cadera (WHR), la ratio cintura-talla (WHtR), el índice de distribución de la masa grasa 1 (FMI1) y el índice de distribución de la masa grasa 2 (FMI2). Finalmente se realizó una regresión lineal para determinar el coeficiente de regresión y el intervalo de confianza (IC), ajustando las variables predictivas (citoquinas) a la edad y los antecedentes familiares de obesidad. Se aplicó una significación estadística de α = 5 %. Resultados: se detectó una correlación entre índices adiposos y citoquinas (CCI, WHR e IL-12; CCI, WHR, FMI1, FMI2 and TNF-α). Conforme a los modelos de regresión, el aumento de las citoquinas se relacionó con el aumento de CCI, WHR, FMI1 y FMI2. Conclusión: las citoquinas proinflamatorias se asociaron al aumento de los índices adiposos. Por tanto, los índices se convierten en una estrategia factible para detectar la propensión hacia los trastornos inflamatorios en la práctica clínica.

Resumo Esta revisão objetivou analisar a insegurança alimentar e nutricional no meio rural brasileiro, bem como os instrumentos de mensuração utilizados na avaliação dessa situação. Realizou-se revisão sistemática nas bases de dados SciELO, Pubmed e o portal de periódicos da CAPES, usando os termos de busca: ‘segurança alimentar’ e ‘rural’. Posteriormente foi realizada busca reversa dentro dos artigos selecionados. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos originais, relacionados à (in) segurança alimentar e nutricional na população rural brasileira. Foram incluídos 12 estudos. A maioria utilizou a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar-EBIA e questionários socioeconômicos para avaliar a insegurança alimentar (IA), sendo encontrada associação entre eles. Cinco estudos abordaram o aspecto nutricional pela antropometria, porém não encontraram associação com a IA. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por quatro estudos e foi observada associação. Os resultados mostram alta prevalência de IA no meio rural em relação à população analisada na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio-PNAD nos anos de 2009 e 2013, assim como alta prevalência de IA grave. Conclui-se que o meio rural se apresenta em vulnerabilidade, principalmente quanto à questão alimentar e nutricional e aos determinantes socioeconômicos atrelados.

Abstract This review sought to analyze food and nutritional insecurity in the Brazilian rural environment, and the measurement instruments used to assess this situation. A systematic review was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed and CAPES databases, using the search terms: ‘food security’ and ‘rural,’ Subsequently, a reverse search was performed in the 12 articles selected. The inclusion criteria were: original articles related to food and nutritional (in)security in the Brazilian rural population. Twelve studies were included. Most of them used the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar – EBIA (Brazilian Scale for Food Insecurity) and socioeconomic questionnaires to assess food insecurity (FI), an association being found between them. Five studies addressed the nutritional aspect by anthropometry but found no association with FI. Food consumption was assessed by four studies and an association was detected. The results show a high prevalence of FI in rural areas in relation to the population analyzed in the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio – PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) in the years 2009 and 2013, as well as a high prevalence of severe FI. The conclusion reached is that the rural environment is vulnerable, mainly regarding food and nutritional issues and the associated socioeconomic determinants.

Resumo Esta revisão objetivou analisar a insegurança alimentar e nutricional no meio rural brasileiro, bem como os instrumentos de mensuração utilizados na avaliação dessa situação. Realizou-se revisão sistemática nas bases de dados SciELO, Pubmed e o portal de periódicos da CAPES, usando os termos de busca: ‘segurança alimentar’ e ‘rural’. Posteriormente foi realizada busca reversa dentro dos artigos selecionados. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos originais, relacionados à (in) segurança alimentar e nutricional na população rural brasileira. Foram incluídos 12 estudos. A maioria utilizou a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar-EBIA e questionários socioeconômicos para avaliar a insegurança alimentar (IA), sendo encontrada associação entre eles. Cinco estudos abordaram o aspecto nutricional pela antropometria, porém não encontraram associação com a IA. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por quatro estudos e foi observada associação. Os resultados mostram alta prevalência de IA no meio rural em relação à população analisada na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio-PNAD nos anos de 2009 e 2013, assim como alta prevalência de IA grave. Conclui-se que o meio rural se apresenta em vulnerabilidade, principalmente quanto à questão alimentar e nutricional e aos determinantes socioeconômicos atrelados.

Abstract This review sought to analyze food and nutritional insecurity in the Brazilian rural environment, and the measurement instruments used to assess this situation. A systematic review was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed and CAPES databases, using the search terms: ‘food security’ and ‘rural,’ Subsequently, a reverse search was performed in the 12 articles selected. The inclusion criteria were: original articles related to food and nutritional (in)security in the Brazilian rural population. Twelve studies were included. Most of them used the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar – EBIA (Brazilian Scale for Food Insecurity) and socioeconomic questionnaires to assess food insecurity (FI), an association being found between them. Five studies addressed the nutritional aspect by anthropometry but found no association with FI. Food consumption was assessed by four studies and an association was detected. The results show a high prevalence of FI in rural areas in relation to the population analyzed in the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio – PNAD (National Household Sample Survey) in the years 2009 and 2013, as well as a high prevalence of severe FI. The conclusion reached is that the rural environment is vulnerable, mainly regarding food and nutritional issues and the associated socioeconomic determinants.